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In cellular model systems, cells are exposed to carcinogenic influences (chemicals, radiation). In these systems, the first signs of a cell developing into a tumor cell are:

  • Immortality. The usual number of cell divisions for a mammalian cell is 50-60 (cell senescence), then it ceases to divide. Tumor cells keep dividing forever.
  • Altered morphology.
  • Building of cellular clusters (Foci).
  • Loss of contact inhibition.
  • Low or no need for growth factors.

Items 2-4 (above) can sometimes be traced to mutations in genes that result in a disruption of cell adhesion. Some cell adhesion proteins are oncogenes.

A cell that degenerates into a tumor cell does usually not acquire all these properties at once, but its daughter cells are selected to build them. This process is called cellular evolution. A first step in the development of a tumor cell is usually a small change in the DNA, often a point mutation, which leads, among other things, to a genetic instability of the cell. The instability increases to a point where the cell loses whole chromosomes, or has double ones. Also, the DNA methylation pattern of the cell changes, activating and deactivating genes more or less at random. Cells that divide at a high rate, such as stem cells, show a higher risk of becoming tumor cells than those which divide less or not at all, for example neurons. If the initial tumor cell (or group of tumor cells) is not removed by the immune system, it will develop into cancer.

Malignant tumors such as carcinoma or sarcoma, lymphoma or leukemia originate from a cell or a group of cells in a multicellular organism that has several distinct properties:

  • evading apoptosis
  • Unlimited Growth Potential
  • self-sufficiency of growth factors
  • insensitivity to anti-growth factors
  • increased cell division rate
  • altered differentiation (specialization) ability
  • no ability for contact inhibition
  • ability to invade neighbouring tissue
  • ability to build metastases
  • ability to promote blood vessel growth (angiogenesis)

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    Links-based listing by the Association of Online Cancer Resources.
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    Presents an array of resources. Supported in partnership by the Ortho Biotech pharmaceutical firm.
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    Patient consultation service offering treatment advice, online second opinions and oncologist referral for individual disease.