Children with cancer

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In cellular model systems, cells are exposed to carcinogenic influences (chemicals, radiation). In these systems, the first signs of a cell developing into a tumor cell are:

Immortality. The usual number of cell divisions for a mammalian cell is 50-60 (cell senescence), then it ceases to divide. Tumor cells keep dividing forever.
Altered morphology.
Building of cellular clusters (Foci).
Loss of contact inhibition.
Low or no need for growth factors.

Items 2-4 (above) can sometimes be traced to mutations in genes that result in a disruption of cell adhesion. Some cell adhesion proteins are oncogenes.

The term cancer is very broad and covers many different illnesses including:

Carcinoma (arising from epithelial cells)
Bladder carcinoma
Breast cancer
Cervical cancer
Colorectal cancer (includes colon, rectum, anus, and appendix)
Esophageal cancer
Endometrial cancer (uterus)
Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver)
Laryngeal cancer
Lung cancer
Oral cancer
Ovarian cancer
Pancreatic cancer
Prostate cancer
Renal cell carcinoma (kidney)
Skin cancer
Stomach cancer
Testicular cancer
Thyroid cancer
Sarcoma (arising from connective tissue and related)
Gastrointestinal stromal cell tumor (GIST)
Rhabdomyosarcoma (muscle)
Osteosarcoma (bone)
Hematological malignancies (blood and bone marrow)
Leukemia
Lymphomas
Hodgkin's disease
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Multiple myeloma
Miscellaneous
Brain tumor
Melanoma, Moles and dysplastic nevi
Teratoma

Treatment of cancer typically involves surgery to remove tumors and nearby lymph nodes to which the cancer may have spread, combined with radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. The latter two target cells in the body that are rapidly dividing. This includes the cancer cells but also certain healthy ones, which is the reason for the severe side effects of these treatments.

ChemoCare
Scott Hamilton�s chemotherapy site offers general treatment information for cancer patients. Sponsored by Ortho Biotech.
Imperial Cancer Research Fund
News and information about the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of this condition. A UK charity site.
Cancer-help.org
Links to articles about tumors, treatments and care.
USnews.com: Best Cancer Hospitals
Ranking by the magazine of the fifty top cancer hospitals in the United States.
Nature: Cancer Update
Service which provides access to news articles and reports about recent research activity. Registration required.

Children with cancer