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Cancers are capable of spreading through the body by two mechanisms: local invasion and distant metastasis. Invasion refers to the direct migration and penetration by cancer cells into neighboring tissues. Metastasis refers to the ability of cancer cells to penetrate into lymphatic and blood vessels, circulate through the bloodstream, and then invade normal tissues elsewhere in the body. Cancer is most deadly when it metastasizes.

Carcinogenesis (lit.: creation of cancer) is the process of derangement of the rate of cell division.

For most of the cancers, it cannot be told which event was the initial cause. However, with molecular biology, it is possible to characterize the mutations within a tumor, and to a certain extent predict its behavior. For example, about half of the tumors are deficient in the tumor suppressor gene p53, also known as "the guardian of the genome". This is associated with poor prospects for the patient, since those tumor cells are unlikely to go into apoptosis (programmed cell death) after they are damaged by therapy. There are more mutations that make a tumor more malignant. Telomerase mutations enable a tumor cell to divide indefinitely. Other mutations enable the tumor to grow new blood vessels to feed it, or to detach from the surrounding tissue, spreading to other parts of the body.

  • Cancer.com
    Provides treatment information, support group listings, online education, decision-making resources, physician locator services and risk assessment tools.
  • Cancerlinksusa.com
    Information and links for all types of tumors.
  • ACS: Statistics
    American Cancer Society presents an array of related statistics.
  • Cancer Lynx
    An online 'zine for patients and professionals.
  • The Cancer Supportive Care Programs
    Book excerpts covering such topics as psychosocial issues, support, nutrition, pain control and spirituality.