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Cancers are capable of spreading through the body by two mechanisms: local invasion and distant metastasis. Invasion refers to the direct migration and penetration by cancer cells into neighboring tissues. Metastasis refers to the ability of cancer cells to penetrate into lymphatic and blood vessels, circulate through the bloodstream, and then invade normal tissues elsewhere in the body. Cancer is most deadly when it metastasizes.

In cellular model systems, cells are exposed to carcinogenic influences (chemicals, radiation). In these systems, the first signs of a cell developing into a tumor cell are:

  • Immortality. The usual number of cell divisions for a mammalian cell is 50-60 (cell senescence), then it ceases to divide. Tumor cells keep dividing forever.
  • Altered morphology.
  • Building of cellular clusters (Foci).
  • Loss of contact inhibition.
  • Low or no need for growth factors.

Items 2-4 (above) can sometimes be traced to mutations in genes that result in a disruption of cell adhesion. Some cell adhesion proteins are oncogenes.

Carcinogenesis (lit.: creation of cancer) is the process of derangement of the rate of cell division.

  • Cellscience: A-Z Cancer Directory
    Links-based listing in areas such as research, hospitals, charities, funding and education.
  • Yahoo Health: Chemotherapy Center
    Information on chemotherapy including basic facts, what to expect, side effects and a FAQ.
  • Cancer Advice UK
    Advice and information about diagnosis and treatment issues. Includes leaflets, book suggestions, links and support groups.
  • Cancer Rates And Risks
    Provides international incidence and mortality rates including information about risk factors. From the U.S. National Cancer Institute.
  • Cancer Network.com
    Information resource aimed at health professionals. Requires registration.