Rectal cancer

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Cancers are capable of spreading through the body by two mechanisms: local invasion and distant metastasis. Invasion refers to the direct migration and penetration by cancer cells into neighboring tissues. Metastasis refers to the ability of cancer cells to penetrate into lymphatic and blood vessels, circulate through the bloodstream, and then invade normal tissues elsewhere in the body. Cancer is most deadly when it metastasizes.

Cancer is, ultimately, a disease of genes. Typically, a series of several mutations is required before a cell becomes a cancer cell. We distinguish between oncogenes, which promote cancer when "switched on" by a mutation, and tumor suppressor genes, which prevent cancer unless "switched off" by a mutation. These mutations can have various causes: radiation or chemicals called carcinogens; some inherited predisposition is not uncommon; some viruses that can cause cancer have also been described. Usually, they carry in their genome some oncogene or tumor suppressor inactivating gene. In about 15% of all cancers, viruses seem to play a role; Bacteria, like Helicobacter pylori, also induce carcinogenesis by a process of chronic inflammation. Finally, damage by free radicals, which are a natural by-product of oxygen metabolism, can cause mutations in the DNA.

The field of medicine concerned with the treatment of cancer is oncology. Cancer has become an important problem with the rise in life expectancy, as the abovementioned mutations become more likely the longer a person lives. Though great progress in treatment has been made, most cancers in advanced stages remain incurable and ultimately fatal.

  • Cancer Mondial
    The International Agency for Research on Cancer provides access to reports and databases on occurrence and characteristics.
  • MyOwnBiopsy
    Provides "translations" of cancer pathology reports from medical jargon into understandable lay terms.
  • CancerEducation
    Disseminates educational programming in a multimedia electronic clips format. Aimed at both a lay and professional audience.
  • InteliHealth: Cancer
    Medical information, articles and news covering a variety of tumors and related issues.
  • COX-2 Inhibitors: Cancer
    Information about these treatment agents which is based on an educational grant from the Pharmacia company.