Squamous cell cancer

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In cellular model systems, cells are exposed to carcinogenic influences (chemicals, radiation). In these systems, the first signs of a cell developing into a tumor cell are:

Immortality. The usual number of cell divisions for a mammalian cell is 50-60 (cell senescence), then it ceases to divide. Tumor cells keep dividing forever.
Altered morphology.
Building of cellular clusters (Foci).
Loss of contact inhibition.
Low or no need for growth factors.

Items 2-4 (above) can sometimes be traced to mutations in genes that result in a disruption of cell adhesion. Some cell adhesion proteins are oncogenes.

Cancer is, ultimately, a disease of genes. Typically, a series of several mutations is required before a cell becomes a cancer cell. We distinguish between oncogenes, which promote cancer when "switched on" by a mutation, and tumor suppressor genes, which prevent cancer unless "switched off" by a mutation. These mutations can have various causes: radiation or chemicals called carcinogens; some inherited predisposition is not uncommon; some viruses that can cause cancer have also been described. Usually, they carry in their genome some oncogene or tumor suppressor inactivating gene. In about 15% of all cancers, viruses seem to play a role; Bacteria, like Helicobacter pylori, also induce carcinogenesis by a process of chronic inflammation. Finally, damage by free radicals, which are a natural by-product of oxygen metabolism, can cause mutations in the DNA.

The term cancer is very broad and covers many different illnesses including:

Carcinoma (arising from epithelial cells)
Bladder carcinoma
Breast cancer
Cervical cancer
Colorectal cancer (includes colon, rectum, anus, and appendix)
Esophageal cancer
Endometrial cancer (uterus)
Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver)
Laryngeal cancer
Lung cancer
Oral cancer
Ovarian cancer
Pancreatic cancer
Prostate cancer
Renal cell carcinoma (kidney)
Skin cancer
Stomach cancer
Testicular cancer
Thyroid cancer
Sarcoma (arising from connective tissue and related)
Gastrointestinal stromal cell tumor (GIST)
Rhabdomyosarcoma (muscle)
Osteosarcoma (bone)
Hematological malignancies (blood and bone marrow)
Leukemia
Lymphomas
Hodgkin's disease
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Multiple myeloma
Miscellaneous
Brain tumor
Melanoma, Moles and dysplastic nevi
Teratoma

ChemoCare
Scott Hamilton�s chemotherapy site offers general treatment information for cancer patients. Sponsored by Ortho Biotech.
Cancer.com
Provides treatment information, support group listings, online education, decision-making resources, physician locator services and risk assessment tools.
Meds.com: Cancer Glossary
Aims to provide a better understanding of words frequently used in patient care.
Mount Zion: Hyperthermia Treatment
Provides information about this treatment and research modality for use in cancer at the University of California at San Francisco.
ACOR Support
Links-based listing by the Association of Online Cancer Resources.

Squamous cell cancer