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Treatment of cancer typically involves surgery to remove tumors and nearby lymph nodes to which the cancer may have spread, combined with radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. The latter two target cells in the body that are rapidly dividing. This includes the cancer cells but also certain healthy ones, which is the reason for the severe side effects of these treatments.

Cancer is, ultimately, a disease of genes. Typically, a series of several mutations is required before a cell becomes a cancer cell. We distinguish between oncogenes, which promote cancer when "switched on" by a mutation, and tumor suppressor genes, which prevent cancer unless "switched off" by a mutation. These mutations can have various causes: radiation or chemicals called carcinogens; some inherited predisposition is not uncommon; some viruses that can cause cancer have also been described. Usually, they carry in their genome some oncogene or tumor suppressor inactivating gene. In about 15% of all cancers, viruses seem to play a role; Bacteria, like Helicobacter pylori, also induce carcinogenesis by a process of chronic inflammation. Finally, damage by free radicals, which are a natural by-product of oxygen metabolism, can cause mutations in the DNA.

The field of medicine concerned with the treatment of cancer is oncology. Cancer has become an important problem with the rise in life expectancy, as the abovementioned mutations become more likely the longer a person lives. Though great progress in treatment has been made, most cancers in advanced stages remain incurable and ultimately fatal.

  • Yahoo Health: Chemotherapy Center
    Information on chemotherapy including basic facts, what to expect, side effects and a FAQ.
  • ACOR Support
    Links-based listing by the Association of Online Cancer Resources.
  • CancerSymptoms
    Discusses common symptoms related to cancer treatment. Provides email access to a nurse for questions.
  • CancerEducation
    Disseminates educational programming in a multimedia electronic clips format. Aimed at both a lay and professional audience.
  • USnews.com: Best Cancer Hospitals
    Ranking by the magazine of the fifty top cancer hospitals in the United States.