Bladder cancer symptoms

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Cancers are capable of spreading through the body by two mechanisms: local invasion and distant metastasis. Invasion refers to the direct migration and penetration by cancer cells into neighboring tissues. Metastasis refers to the ability of cancer cells to penetrate into lymphatic and blood vessels, circulate through the bloodstream, and then invade normal tissues elsewhere in the body. Cancer is most deadly when it metastasizes.

For most of the cancers, it cannot be told which event was the initial cause. However, with molecular biology, it is possible to characterize the mutations within a tumor, and to a certain extent predict its behavior. For example, about half of the tumors are deficient in the tumor suppressor gene p53, also known as "the guardian of the genome". This is associated with poor prospects for the patient, since those tumor cells are unlikely to go into apoptosis (programmed cell death) after they are damaged by therapy. There are more mutations that make a tumor more malignant. Telomerase mutations enable a tumor cell to divide indefinitely. Other mutations enable the tumor to grow new blood vessels to feed it, or to detach from the surrounding tissue, spreading to other parts of the body.

The term cancer is very broad and covers many different illnesses including:

Carcinoma (arising from epithelial cells)
Bladder carcinoma
Breast cancer
Cervical cancer
Colorectal cancer (includes colon, rectum, anus, and appendix)
Esophageal cancer
Endometrial cancer (uterus)
Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver)
Laryngeal cancer
Lung cancer
Oral cancer
Ovarian cancer
Pancreatic cancer
Prostate cancer
Renal cell carcinoma (kidney)
Skin cancer
Stomach cancer
Testicular cancer
Thyroid cancer
Sarcoma (arising from connective tissue and related)
Gastrointestinal stromal cell tumor (GIST)
Rhabdomyosarcoma (muscle)
Osteosarcoma (bone)
Hematological malignancies (blood and bone marrow)
Leukemia
Lymphomas
Hodgkin's disease
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Multiple myeloma
Miscellaneous
Brain tumor
Melanoma, Moles and dysplastic nevi
Teratoma

Cancer Chart
Quick reference listing of the most common tumor types.
Topix.net: Cancer News
Headline news and content on related issues.
ACS: Statistics
American Cancer Society presents an array of related statistics.
Conversations In Care
Explores the challenges surrounding physician and patient communications in cancer.
Cancer Mondial
The International Agency for Research on Cancer provides access to reports and databases on occurrence and characteristics.

Bladder cancer symptoms