Cervical cancer

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Cancers are capable of spreading through the body by two mechanisms: local invasion and distant metastasis. Invasion refers to the direct migration and penetration by cancer cells into neighboring tissues. Metastasis refers to the ability of cancer cells to penetrate into lymphatic and blood vessels, circulate through the bloodstream, and then invade normal tissues elsewhere in the body. Cancer is most deadly when it metastasizes.

For most of the cancers, it cannot be told which event was the initial cause. However, with molecular biology, it is possible to characterize the mutations within a tumor, and to a certain extent predict its behavior. For example, about half of the tumors are deficient in the tumor suppressor gene p53, also known as "the guardian of the genome". This is associated with poor prospects for the patient, since those tumor cells are unlikely to go into apoptosis (programmed cell death) after they are damaged by therapy. There are more mutations that make a tumor more malignant. Telomerase mutations enable a tumor cell to divide indefinitely. Other mutations enable the tumor to grow new blood vessels to feed it, or to detach from the surrounding tissue, spreading to other parts of the body.

The field of medicine concerned with the treatment of cancer is oncology. Cancer has become an important problem with the rise in life expectancy, as the abovementioned mutations become more likely the longer a person lives. Though great progress in treatment has been made, most cancers in advanced stages remain incurable and ultimately fatal.

  • CancerBACUP
    Information and support from this UK organization which addresses many of the types of tumors. Includes access to online booklets and other resources.
  • The World Against Cancer
    A conduit source consisting primarily of multi-lingual search engines.
  • Cancer Advice UK
    Advice and information about diagnosis and treatment issues. Includes leaflets, book suggestions, links and support groups.
  • Topix.net: Cancer News
    Headline news and content on related issues.
  • Cancer Mondial
    The International Agency for Research on Cancer provides access to reports and databases on occurrence and characteristics.