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Cancers are capable of spreading through the body by two mechanisms: local invasion and distant metastasis. Invasion refers to the direct migration and penetration by cancer cells into neighboring tissues. Metastasis refers to the ability of cancer cells to penetrate into lymphatic and blood vessels, circulate through the bloodstream, and then invade normal tissues elsewhere in the body. Cancer is most deadly when it metastasizes.
In cellular model systems, cells are exposed to carcinogenic influences (chemicals, radiation). In these systems, the first signs of a cell developing into a tumor cell are:
- Immortality. The usual number of cell divisions for a mammalian cell is 50-60 (cell senescence), then it ceases to divide. Tumor cells keep dividing forever.
- Altered morphology.
- Building of cellular clusters (Foci).
- Loss of contact inhibition.
- Low or no need for growth factors.
Items 2-4 (above) can sometimes be traced to mutations in genes that result in a disruption of cell adhesion. Some cell adhesion proteins are oncogenes.
The term cancer is very broad and covers many different illnesses including:
- Carcinoma (arising from epithelial cells)
- Bladder carcinoma
- Breast cancer
- Cervical cancer
- Colorectal cancer (includes colon, rectum, anus, and appendix)
- Esophageal cancer
- Endometrial cancer (uterus)
- Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver)
- Laryngeal cancer
- Lung cancer
- Oral cancer
- Ovarian cancer
- Pancreatic cancer
- Prostate cancer
- Renal cell carcinoma (kidney)
- Skin cancer
- Stomach cancer
- Testicular cancer
- Thyroid cancer
- Sarcoma (arising from connective tissue and related)
- Gastrointestinal stromal cell tumor (GIST)
- Rhabdomyosarcoma (muscle)
- Osteosarcoma (bone)
- Hematological malignancies (blood and bone marrow)
- Leukemia
- Lymphomas
- Hodgkin's disease
- Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
- Multiple myeloma
- Miscellaneous
- Brain tumor
- Melanoma, Moles and dysplastic nevi
- Teratoma
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- Cancer Dictionary & Acronyms
Terminology and abbreviations presented in a searchable format. - Conversations In Care
Explores the challenges surrounding physician and patient communications in cancer. - Yahoo Health: Chemotherapy Center
Information on chemotherapy including basic facts, what to expect, side effects and a FAQ. - ChemoCare
Scott Hamilton’s chemotherapy site offers general treatment information for cancer patients. Sponsored by Ortho Biotech. - DIPEx: Cancer
Includes audio and video interviews of patient experiences.