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Cancers are capable of spreading through the body by two mechanisms: local invasion and distant metastasis. Invasion refers to the direct migration and penetration by cancer cells into neighboring tissues. Metastasis refers to the ability of cancer cells to penetrate into lymphatic and blood vessels, circulate through the bloodstream, and then invade normal tissues elsewhere in the body. Cancer is most deadly when it metastasizes.
Cancer is, ultimately, a disease of genes. Typically, a series of several mutations is required before a cell becomes a cancer cell. We distinguish between oncogenes, which promote cancer when "switched on" by a mutation, and tumor suppressor genes, which prevent cancer unless "switched off" by a mutation. These mutations can have various causes: radiation or chemicals called carcinogens; some inherited predisposition is not uncommon; some viruses that can cause cancer have also been described. Usually, they carry in their genome some oncogene or tumor suppressor inactivating gene. In about 15% of all cancers, viruses seem to play a role; Bacteria, like Helicobacter pylori, also induce carcinogenesis by a process of chronic inflammation. Finally, damage by free radicals, which are a natural by-product of oxygen metabolism, can cause mutations in the DNA.
The term cancer is very broad and covers many different illnesses including:
- Carcinoma (arising from epithelial cells)
- Bladder carcinoma
- Breast cancer
- Cervical cancer
- Colorectal cancer (includes colon, rectum, anus, and appendix)
- Esophageal cancer
- Endometrial cancer (uterus)
- Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver)
- Laryngeal cancer
- Lung cancer
- Oral cancer
- Ovarian cancer
- Pancreatic cancer
- Prostate cancer
- Renal cell carcinoma (kidney)
- Skin cancer
- Stomach cancer
- Testicular cancer
- Thyroid cancer
- Sarcoma (arising from connective tissue and related)
- Gastrointestinal stromal cell tumor (GIST)
- Rhabdomyosarcoma (muscle)
- Osteosarcoma (bone)
- Hematological malignancies (blood and bone marrow)
- Leukemia
- Lymphomas
- Hodgkin's disease
- Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
- Multiple myeloma
- Miscellaneous
- Brain tumor
- Melanoma, Moles and dysplastic nevi
- Teratoma
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- People Living With Cancer
Patient information from the American Society of Clinical Oncology. - Hologuides: Cancer
Information about various tumors in a links format. - CancerSupportChat.org
Presents access to online discussion, chat and support. - World Oncology Network
World directory of cancer specialists and hematologists. - Cancer.com
Provides treatment information, support group listings, online education, decision-making resources, physician locator services and risk assessment tools.