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Malignant tumors such as carcinoma or sarcoma, lymphoma or leukemia originate from a cell or a group of cells in a multicellular organism that has several distinct properties:
- evading apoptosis
- Unlimited Growth Potential
- self-sufficiency of growth factors
- insensitivity to anti-growth factors
- increased cell division rate
- altered differentiation (specialization) ability
- no ability for contact inhibition
- ability to invade neighbouring tissue
- ability to build metastases
- ability to promote blood vessel growth (angiogenesis)
Treatment of cancer typically involves surgery to remove tumors and nearby lymph nodes to which the cancer may have spread, combined with radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. The latter two target cells in the body that are rapidly dividing. This includes the cancer cells but also certain healthy ones, which is the reason for the severe side effects of these treatments.
A cell that degenerates into a tumor cell does usually not acquire all these properties at once, but its daughter cells are selected to build them. This process is called cellular evolution. A first step in the development of a tumor cell is usually a small change in the DNA, often a point mutation, which leads, among other things, to a genetic instability of the cell. The instability increases to a point where the cell loses whole chromosomes, or has double ones. Also, the DNA methylation pattern of the cell changes, activating and deactivating genes more or less at random. Cells that divide at a high rate, such as stem cells, show a higher risk of becoming tumor cells than those which divide less or not at all, for example neurons. If the initial tumor cell (or group of tumor cells) is not removed by the immune system, it will develop into cancer.
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National Governor's Association resource designed to provide a clearinghouse of standards related to tumor care. - CancerSource
Provides information about prevention, detection, diagnosis, treatment and symptom management. Offers access to news, support groups and email lists. - Cancer Page
Information and community resources including chat rooms, message boards, physician directory and clinical trials. - Nature: Cancer Update
Service which provides access to news articles and reports about recent research activity. Registration required. - Romanian Cancer League
Eastern European organization with aims of education, prevention, treatment, support and advocacy.