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Carcinogenesis (lit.: creation of cancer) is the process of derangement of the rate of cell division.
Cancer is, ultimately, a disease of genes. Typically, a series of several mutations is required before a cell becomes a cancer cell. We distinguish between oncogenes, which promote cancer when "switched on" by a mutation, and tumor suppressor genes, which prevent cancer unless "switched off" by a mutation. These mutations can have various causes: radiation or chemicals called carcinogens; some inherited predisposition is not uncommon; some viruses that can cause cancer have also been described. Usually, they carry in their genome some oncogene or tumor suppressor inactivating gene. In about 15% of all cancers, viruses seem to play a role; Bacteria, like Helicobacter pylori, also induce carcinogenesis by a process of chronic inflammation. Finally, damage by free radicals, which are a natural by-product of oxygen metabolism, can cause mutations in the DNA.
The term cancer is very broad and covers many different illnesses including:
- Carcinoma (arising from epithelial cells)
- Bladder carcinoma
- Breast cancer
- Cervical cancer
- Colorectal cancer (includes colon, rectum, anus, and appendix)
- Esophageal cancer
- Endometrial cancer (uterus)
- Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver)
- Laryngeal cancer
- Lung cancer
- Oral cancer
- Ovarian cancer
- Pancreatic cancer
- Prostate cancer
- Renal cell carcinoma (kidney)
- Skin cancer
- Stomach cancer
- Testicular cancer
- Thyroid cancer
- Sarcoma (arising from connective tissue and related)
- Gastrointestinal stromal cell tumor (GIST)
- Rhabdomyosarcoma (muscle)
- Osteosarcoma (bone)
- Hematological malignancies (blood and bone marrow)
- Leukemia
- Lymphomas
- Hodgkin's disease
- Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
- Multiple myeloma
- Miscellaneous
- Brain tumor
- Melanoma, Moles and dysplastic nevi
- Teratoma
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- Yahoo Health: Radiation Therapy Center
Information including basic facts, what to expect and side effects. - CancerSymptoms
Discusses common symptoms related to cancer treatment. Provides email access to a nurse for questions. - Cancer Rates And Risks
Provides international incidence and mortality rates including information about risk factors. From the U.S. National Cancer Institute. - Cancer Mondial
The International Agency for Research on Cancer provides access to reports and databases on occurrence and characteristics. - Oncology Interactive Education Series
Commercial audio-visual educational resources for patients.