Symptoms of bone cancer

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The field of medicine concerned with the treatment of cancer is oncology. Cancer has become an important problem with the rise in life expectancy, as the abovementioned mutations become more likely the longer a person lives. Though great progress in treatment has been made, most cancers in advanced stages remain incurable and ultimately fatal.

In cellular model systems, cells are exposed to carcinogenic influences (chemicals, radiation). In these systems, the first signs of a cell developing into a tumor cell are:

Immortality. The usual number of cell divisions for a mammalian cell is 50-60 (cell senescence), then it ceases to divide. Tumor cells keep dividing forever.
Altered morphology.
Building of cellular clusters (Foci).
Loss of contact inhibition.
Low or no need for growth factors.

Items 2-4 (above) can sometimes be traced to mutations in genes that result in a disruption of cell adhesion. Some cell adhesion proteins are oncogenes.

Cancers are capable of spreading through the body by two mechanisms: local invasion and distant metastasis. Invasion refers to the direct migration and penetration by cancer cells into neighboring tissues. Metastasis refers to the ability of cancer cells to penetrate into lymphatic and blood vessels, circulate through the bloodstream, and then invade normal tissues elsewhere in the body. Cancer is most deadly when it metastasizes.

Oncology Interactive Education Series
Commercial audio-visual educational resources for patients.
Target Tumors
Information about targeted therapy approach in relation to a number of solid tumors.
Cancer Information Services
Information from the U.S. National Cancer Institute including access to links, press releases and publications.
Cancer.com
Provides treatment information, support group listings, online education, decision-making resources, physician locator services and risk assessment tools.
MyOwnBiopsy
Provides "translations" of cancer pathology reports from medical jargon into understandable lay terms.

Symptoms of bone cancer