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In medicine, cancer is a general term for any of a number of different diseases where some of the body's own cells divide in an uncontrolled manner. The resulting new cells can form a malignant tumor (a neoplasm) or propagate throughout the body.

A cell that degenerates into a tumor cell does usually not acquire all these properties at once, but its daughter cells are selected to build them. This process is called cellular evolution. A first step in the development of a tumor cell is usually a small change in the DNA, often a point mutation, which leads, among other things, to a genetic instability of the cell. The instability increases to a point where the cell loses whole chromosomes, or has double ones. Also, the DNA methylation pattern of the cell changes, activating and deactivating genes more or less at random. Cells that divide at a high rate, such as stem cells, show a higher risk of becoming tumor cells than those which divide less or not at all, for example neurons. If the initial tumor cell (or group of tumor cells) is not removed by the immune system, it will develop into cancer.

Cancers are capable of spreading through the body by two mechanisms: local invasion and distant metastasis. Invasion refers to the direct migration and penetration by cancer cells into neighboring tissues. Metastasis refers to the ability of cancer cells to penetrate into lymphatic and blood vessels, circulate through the bloodstream, and then invade normal tissues elsewhere in the body. Cancer is most deadly when it metastasizes.

  • EMedicine Health: What You Need To Know
    Consumer health resource center providing general information on cancer prevention, symptoms and treatment.
  • MyOwnBiopsy
    Provides "translations" of cancer pathology reports from medical jargon into understandable lay terms.
  • Cancer Mondial
    The International Agency for Research on Cancer provides access to reports and databases on occurrence and characteristics.
  • CancerSymptoms
    Discusses common symptoms related to cancer treatment. Provides email access to a nurse for questions.
  • NCI Center For Cancer Research
    U.S. government resource which provides access to information for researchers and about collaborations. Aimed at the professional level.