Cancers

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Cancer is, ultimately, a disease of genes. Typically, a series of several mutations is required before a cell becomes a cancer cell. We distinguish between oncogenes, which promote cancer when "switched on" by a mutation, and tumor suppressor genes, which prevent cancer unless "switched off" by a mutation. These mutations can have various causes: radiation or chemicals called carcinogens; some inherited predisposition is not uncommon; some viruses that can cause cancer have also been described. Usually, they carry in their genome some oncogene or tumor suppressor inactivating gene. In about 15% of all cancers, viruses seem to play a role; Bacteria, like Helicobacter pylori, also induce carcinogenesis by a process of chronic inflammation. Finally, damage by free radicals, which are a natural by-product of oxygen metabolism, can cause mutations in the DNA.

Malignant tumors such as carcinoma or sarcoma, lymphoma or leukemia originate from a cell or a group of cells in a multicellular organism that has several distinct properties:

  • evading apoptosis
  • Unlimited Growth Potential
  • self-sufficiency of growth factors
  • insensitivity to anti-growth factors
  • increased cell division rate
  • altered differentiation (specialization) ability
  • no ability for contact inhibition
  • ability to invade neighbouring tissue
  • ability to build metastases
  • ability to promote blood vessel growth (angiogenesis)

The term cancer is very broad and covers many different illnesses including:

  • Carcinoma (arising from epithelial cells)
  • Bladder carcinoma
  • Breast cancer
  • Cervical cancer
  • Colorectal cancer (includes colon, rectum, anus, and appendix)
  • Esophageal cancer
  • Endometrial cancer (uterus)
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver)
  • Laryngeal cancer
  • Lung cancer
  • Oral cancer
  • Ovarian cancer
  • Pancreatic cancer
  • Prostate cancer
  • Renal cell carcinoma (kidney)
  • Skin cancer
  • Stomach cancer
  • Testicular cancer
  • Thyroid cancer
  • Sarcoma (arising from connective tissue and related)
  • Gastrointestinal stromal cell tumor (GIST)
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma (muscle)
  • Osteosarcoma (bone)
  • Hematological malignancies (blood and bone marrow)
  • Leukemia
  • Lymphomas
  • Hodgkin's disease
  • Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
  • Multiple myeloma
  • Miscellaneous
  • Brain tumor
  • Melanoma, Moles and dysplastic nevi
  • Teratoma