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In medicine, cancer is a general term for any of a number of different diseases where some of the body's own cells divide in an uncontrolled manner. The resulting new cells can form a malignant tumor (a neoplasm) or propagate throughout the body.

Cancers are capable of spreading through the body by two mechanisms: local invasion and distant metastasis. Invasion refers to the direct migration and penetration by cancer cells into neighboring tissues. Metastasis refers to the ability of cancer cells to penetrate into lymphatic and blood vessels, circulate through the bloodstream, and then invade normal tissues elsewhere in the body. Cancer is most deadly when it metastasizes.

In cellular model systems, cells are exposed to carcinogenic influences (chemicals, radiation). In these systems, the first signs of a cell developing into a tumor cell are:

  • Immortality. The usual number of cell divisions for a mammalian cell is 50-60 (cell senescence), then it ceases to divide. Tumor cells keep dividing forever.
  • Altered morphology.
  • Building of cellular clusters (Foci).
  • Loss of contact inhibition.
  • Low or no need for growth factors.

Items 2-4 (above) can sometimes be traced to mutations in genes that result in a disruption of cell adhesion. Some cell adhesion proteins are oncogenes.

  • On Top Of Cancer
    Links-based guide to Internet resource.
  • ACOR Support
    Links-based listing by the Association of Online Cancer Resources.
  • CancerExperts MD
    Physcians located in Boston offer second opinions and personalized case reviews. Provides an online ask-a-doctor service.
  • MCW Healthlink: Cancer
    Medical College of Wisconsin Physicians and Clinics resource which provides news articles and information about recent developments.
  • MyOwnBiopsy
    Provides "translations" of cancer pathology reports from medical jargon into understandable lay terms.